vue3 相比 vue2 对 ts 拥有更友好的支持,当初在用 vue2 写 ts 时各种装饰器,现在只要使用 <script setup lang="ts"></script> 标签就可以直接使用 ts。

# 1. ref

传入一个泛型参数

# 1. 值 ref

// 默认推导出 string 类型
const initCode = ref('200'); 
// 或者手动定义更复杂的类型
const initCode = ref<string | number>('200');

# 2. 模板 ref

<template>
  <div ref="el"></div>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
import { ref } from 'vue';
const el = ref<HTMLImageElement | null>(null);
</script>

# 3. 组件 ref

<template>
  <HelloWorld ref="helloworld" />
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
import { ref, onMounted } from 'vue';
import HelloWorld from '@/components/HelloWorld.vue';
const helloworld = ref<InstanceType<typeof HelloWorld> | null>(null);
onMounted(() => {
  // 调用子组件的 handleClick 方法
  helloworld.value?.handleClick();
});
</script>

如果子组件使用 <script setup lang="ts"> ,默认是全关闭的,子组件需使用 defineExpose 定义父组件能访问的属性

# 2. reactive

# 1. 定义接口

新建 src/types/user.ts (在 types 文件夹下新建 user.ts)

export interface User {
  name: string;
  age: number;
}

# 2. 使用

<script setup lang="ts">
import { reactive } from 'vue';
import type { User } from '@/types/user';
//reactive 会隐式地从它的参数中推导类型
// 也可以使用接口直接给变量定义类型
const user: User = reactive({
  name: 'zhangsan',
  age: 20,
});
</script>

提示:不推荐使用 reactive() 的泛型参数,因为处理了深层次 ref 解包的返回值与泛型参数的类型不同

# 3. computed

computed () 会自动从其计算函数的返回值上推导出类型

也可以通过泛型参数显式指定类型

const age = computed<number>(() => {
  return 2;
});

# 4. defineProps(父传子)

定义 props 类型,直接使用,不需要 import 引入

# 1. 运行时声明

类型作为参数的一部分传入

# 1. 基本使用

运行时声明的类型共八大类:String,Number,Boolean,Array,Object,Date,Function,Symbol(注意这里和 ts 的类型有区别,例如 ts 中字符串类型为 string,这里是 String)

如果想为引用类型定义更具体的类型,需使用 PropType

<template>
  <div>
    <div><!--swig0--></div>
    <div><!--swig1--></div>
    <div><!--swig2-->--<!--swig3--></div>
  </div>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
import { PropType } from 'vue';
interface User {
  name: string;
  age: number;
}
const props = defineProps({
  msg: {
    type: String,
    default: 'hello',
  },
  address: {
    type: [String, Number], // 联合类型,类似于 ts 的 |
    default: 2,
  },
  user: {
    type: Object as PropType<User>, // 定义更具体的类型
    default: () => ({
      name: 'zhangsan',
      age: 12,
    }),
  },
});
console.log(props.msg);
console.log(props.user.name);
</script>

# 2. 接口 User 由外部传入

<script setup lang="ts">
import type { User } from '@/types/user';
// 将原先定义的接口注释掉
// interface User {
//   name: string;
//   age: number;
// }
</script>

# 2. 类型声明(使用泛型)

# 1. 基本使用

使用泛型,不需要 PropType 定义更具体的类型

<template>
  <div><!--swig4--></div>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
interface User {
  name?: string;
  age?: number;
}
const props = defineProps<User>();
console.log(props.name);
</script>

# 2. 定义默认值

使用泛型,需要使用 withDefaults 定义默认值

<script setup lang="ts">
interface User {
  name: string;
  age: number;
}
const props = withDefaults(defineProps<User>(), {
  name: 'hello',
  age: 10,
});
</script>

# 3. 局限性

不能使用外部传入的类型(未来版本中可能会解决这个限制)

import type { User } from '@/types/user';
// 将原先定义的接口注释掉
// interface User {
//   name: string;
//   age: number;
// }

报错

610f7771bf21412e97507179dab2bc2a.jpg

# 5. defineEmits(子传父)

定义 emits 类型 ,直接使用,不需要 import 引入

父组件

<template>
  <div>
    <HelloWorld @change="handleChange" />
  </div>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
import HelloWorld from '@/components/HelloWorld.vue';
import type { User } from '@/types/user';
const handleChange = (value: User) => {
  console.log(value);
};
</script>

# 1. 运行时声明

<!-- 子组件 -->
<template>
  <div>
    <button @click="handleClick">按钮</button>
  </div>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
const emit = defineEmits(['change']);
const handleClick = () => {
  emit('change', { name: '2', age: 21 });
};
</script>

# 2. 类型声明(使用泛型)

可以对所触发事件的类型进行更细粒度的控制。并且可以使用外部传入的类型

<!-- 子组件 -->
<template>
  <div>
    <button @click="handleClick">按钮</button>
  </div>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
import type { User } from '@/types/user';
const emit = defineEmits<{ (e: 'change', value: User): void }>();
const handleClick = () => {
  emit('change', { name: '2', age: 21 });
};
</script>

# 6. defineExpose(父调用子)

定义父组件通过模板 ref 能获取到的属性

接着上面组件 ref 案例修改子组件 HelloWorld

<template>
  <div></div>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
const handleClick = () => {
  console.log('子组件方法');
};
defineExpose({ handleClick });
</script>

# 7. provide /inject(跨组件传值)

# 1. key 是 Symbol

新建 src/constant/index.ts

import type { InjectionKey } from 'vue';
export const key = Symbol() as InjectionKey<string>;
<!-- 父组件使用provide提供值 -->
<script setup lang="ts">
import { provide } from 'vue';
import { key } from '@/constant/index';
provide(key, '123'); // 提供改变响应式对象的方法
</script>
<!-- 子组件使用inject取值 -->
<script setup lang="ts">
import { inject } from 'vue';
import { key } from '@/constant/index';
const string = inject(key);
</script>

# 2. key 是字符串

inject 返回的类型是 unknown,需要通过泛型参数显式声明

<!-- 父组件提供provide -->
<script setup lang="ts">
import { ref, provide } from 'vue';
const state = ref(0);
const handlerState = () => {
  state.value = 1;
};
provide('info', state); // 提供响应式对象
provide('func', handlerState); // 提供改变响应式对象的方法
</script>
<!-- 子组件使用inject取值 -->
<script setup lang="ts">
import { inject } from 'vue';
// 通过泛型参数显式声明
const state = inject<number>('info');
const func = inject<() => void>('func');
</script>

# 3. undefined 问题

由于无法保证 provide 会提供这个值,因此 inject 通过泛型参数显示声明了类型,还会多个 undefined 类型

  1. 提供默认值,可消除 undefined
js
代码解读
复制代码const state = inject<number>('info', 20);
  1. 使用类型断言,告诉编辑器这个值一定会提供
js
代码解读
复制代码const state = inject('info') as number;

# 8. 事件类型

# 1. input change 事件

<template>
  <input type="text" @change="handleChange" />
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
const handleChange = (evt: Event) => {
  console.log((evt.target as HTMLInputElement).value);
};
</script>

# 2. button Click 事件

<template>
  <button @click="handleClick">按钮</button>
</template>
<script setup lang="ts">
const handleClick = (evt: Event) => {
  // 获取按钮的样式信息
  console.log((evt.target as HTMLButtonElement).style);
};
</script>

# 3. HTML 标签映射关系

interface HTMLElementTagNameMap {
  "a": HTMLAnchorElement;
  "abbr": HTMLElement;
  "address": HTMLElement;
  "applet": HTMLAppletElement;
  "area": HTMLAreaElement;
  "article": HTMLElement;
  "aside": HTMLElement;
  "audio": HTMLAudioElement;
  "b": HTMLElement;
  "base": HTMLBaseElement;
  "basefont": HTMLBaseFontElement;
  "bdi": HTMLElement;
  "bdo": HTMLElement;
  "blockquote": HTMLQuoteElement;
  "body": HTMLBodyElement;
  "br": HTMLBRElement;
  "button": HTMLButtonElement;
  "canvas": HTMLCanvasElement;
  "caption": HTMLTableCaptionElement;
  "cite": HTMLElement;
  "code": HTMLElement;
  "col": HTMLTableColElement;
  "colgroup": HTMLTableColElement;
  "data": HTMLDataElement;
  "datalist": HTMLDataListElement;
  "dd": HTMLElement;
  "del": HTMLModElement;
  "details": HTMLDetailsElement;
  "dfn": HTMLElement;
  "dialog": HTMLDialogElement;
  "dir": HTMLDirectoryElement;
  "div": HTMLDivElement;
  "dl": HTMLDListElement;
  "dt": HTMLElement;
  "em": HTMLElement;
  "embed": HTMLEmbedElement;
  "fieldset": HTMLFieldSetElement;
  "figcaption": HTMLElement;
  "figure": HTMLElement;
  "font": HTMLFontElement;
  "footer": HTMLElement;
  "form": HTMLFormElement;
  "frame": HTMLFrameElement;
  "frameset": HTMLFrameSetElement;
  "h1": HTMLHeadingElement;
  "h2": HTMLHeadingElement;
  "h3": HTMLHeadingElement;
  "h4": HTMLHeadingElement;
  "h5": HTMLHeadingElement;
  "h6": HTMLHeadingElement;
  "head": HTMLHeadElement;
  "header": HTMLElement;
  "hgroup": HTMLElement;
  "hr": HTMLHRElement;
  "html": HTMLHtmlElement;
  "i": HTMLElement;
  "iframe": HTMLIFrameElement;
  "img": HTMLImageElement;
  "input": HTMLInputElement;
  "ins": HTMLModElement;
  "kbd": HTMLElement;
  "label": HTMLLabelElement;
  "legend": HTMLLegendElement;
  "li": HTMLLIElement;
  "link": HTMLLinkElement;
  "main": HTMLElement;
  "map": HTMLMapElement;
  "mark": HTMLElement;
  "marquee": HTMLMarqueeElement;
  "menu": HTMLMenuElement;
  "meta": HTMLMetaElement;
  "meter": HTMLMeterElement;
  "nav": HTMLElement;
  "noscript": HTMLElement;
  "object": HTMLObjectElement;
  "ol": HTMLOListElement;
  "optgroup": HTMLOptGroupElement;
  "option": HTMLOptionElement;
  "output": HTMLOutputElement;
  "p": HTMLParagraphElement;
  "param": HTMLParamElement;
  "picture": HTMLPictureElement;
  "pre": HTMLPreElement;
  "progress": HTMLProgressElement;
  "q": HTMLQuoteElement;
  "rp": HTMLElement;
  "rt": HTMLElement;
  "ruby": HTMLElement;
  "s": HTMLElement;
  "samp": HTMLElement;
  "script": HTMLScriptElement;
  "section": HTMLElement;
  "select": HTMLSelectElement;
  "slot": HTMLSlotElement;
  "small": HTMLElement;
  "source": HTMLSourceElement;
  "span": HTMLSpanElement;
  "strong": HTMLElement;
  "style": HTMLStyleElement;
  "sub": HTMLElement;
  "summary": HTMLElement;
  "sup": HTMLElement;
  "table": HTMLTableElement;
  "tbody": HTMLTableSectionElement;
  "td": HTMLTableDataCellElement;
  "template": HTMLTemplateElement;
  "textarea": HTMLTextAreaElement;
  "tfoot": HTMLTableSectionElement;
  "th": HTMLTableHeaderCellElement;
  "thead": HTMLTableSectionElement;
  "time": HTMLTimeElement;
  "title": HTMLTitleElement;
  "tr": HTMLTableRowElement;
  "track": HTMLTrackElement;
  "u": HTMLElement;
  "ul": HTMLUListElement;
  "var": HTMLElement;
  "video": HTMLVideoElement;
  "wbr": HTMLElement;
}